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Lenovo G560 15.6" Notebook

SECTION 02.A: PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE DRIVER

Purpose: Acquaint the student with important physical and psychological issues of the driver. Includes vision, hearing, emotional state, and an introduction to the effects of alcohol and drugs.

Physical nature, introduction and SIPDE!

Driving requires awareness and quick decision making 02.A.01(1)In order to drive safely, you must be in good physical condition. In particular, you need to be able to see and hear well enough to detect potential hazards and handle emergency situations.

02.A.01(2) The five abilities required for being a safe driver are sometimes referred to as SIPDE!: (a) Search, (b) Identify, (c) Predict, (d) Decide, and (e) Execute. Safe driving cannot be accomplished if one or more of these abilities is missing. These abilities relate to a driver's perception, judgment, and motor function and are explained below.

02.A.01(3) What must a driver be able to search and identify?

Traffic signs, signals, pedestrians, vehicles, and other potential hazards. These abilities relate to the driver's perception .

02.A.01(4) What must a driver be able to predict?

What action that a potential hazard might take. This ability also relates to the driver's perception.

For example, if you see an oncoming vehicle with its left turn signal on, can you predict that it might turn in front of you?

02.A.01(5) What must a driver be able to decide?

What action to take if the potential hazard becomes an actual hazard. This ability relates to the driver's judgment .

For example, if the vehicle with its left turn signal on does turn in front of you, can you make a safe driving decision? Should you brake or swerve to avoid the hazard?

02.A.01(6) What must a driver be able to execute?

The driving maneuver that is required to handle the potentially hazardous traffic situation. This ability relates to the driver's motor function .

After you've decided what action to take, do you have the strength, reactions, reflexes, and the physical ability to maneuver the vehicle safely out of danger?

02.A.01(7) If any one of these abilities is missing or deficient, you cannot be a safe driver. You will be deemed too dangerous to the motoring public and not given a license if: (a) you exhibit poor judgment in traffic situations and have difficulty taking appropriate independent action, (b) you fail to anticipate the actions of other drivers and do not react well or quickly to hazards, or (c) you appear easily distracted, can not handle simple instructions, and do not notice or respond to all road signs.
Vision, role in safe driving

Vision is important for driving and will be tested 02.A.02(1) Vision plays a key role in the steps by which you detect and avoid a hazardous situation which include :

(a) the transmission of a visual image to your brain,

(b) the comparison of this image with learned rules and experiences,

(c) a decision to take an action, and

(d) the transmission through your nervous system of commands to your hands and feet to turn the steering wheel, apply brakes, accelerate or decelerate, use the horn, and so on

02.A.02(2) Good vision is key to being able to stop your vehicle in time to avoid an accident. Under good conditions you need 400 feet to stop at 55 mph and 210 feet to stop at 35 mph. This implies that you can't drive safely at 55 mph unless you can see at least 400 ft or 35 mph if you can't see at least 210 feet.
Vision, visual acuity

There are three basic ways, which a driver gains information through the eyes, and perceived situations:

02.A.03 (1) Focal vision is used to read and identify distinct objects.

Focal vision is the basis for the visual lead, targeting and searching tasks (reading signs and interpreting signs) in driving.


02.A.03(2) Central vision is used to discern detail, identify, and/or recognize what is being seen. Visual acuity is the finest detail which may be perceived.

02.A.03(3) Visual acuity is important for reading road signs and identifying hazards.

The central vision allows the driver to judge depth and relative position in space, time and movement into space/time. The information will include vehicle to roadway reference, path of travel and line of sight to target area. In other words, it lends support to the focus vision and is used for determining visual references in driving, relative position in space and time, and movement into space/time.

02.A.03(4) A person who can read 3/8-inch high letters clearly from a distance of 20 feet is considered to have normal vision and is said to have "20/20 vision."

02.A.03(5) A person with, say, 20/40 vision must be 20 feet from the eye chart to read what a person with normal vision would be able to read at 40 feet.

02.A.03(6) The DMV uses Snellen wall charts (letter charts) and an optical device, the Optec 1000 vision tester, to screen driver license applicants for a best-corrected distance visual acuity of no worse than 20/40.
Vision, peripheral

02.A.04(1) Peripheral or side vision is the field of view that surrounds the central portion of the visual field. You can see things most clearly directly ahead while things to each side (your peripheral vision), are less distinct. If your peripheral vision is severely limited, it can seriously affect safe driving ability unless it is compensated for by increased scanning and visual search.
02.A.04(2) Peripheral vision is used in part to detect information that may be important for safe driving. This kind of information includes road signs, appearances of hazards, and changes in the flow of traffic. When a driver notices something important, the driver moves his or her head and eyes to look at the object or event of interest.


The peripheral vision is on the outer fringe of the other vision fields.It is used to notice lateral changes in color and object movement. It often gives the driver an initial warning of a changing or closed space area. Remember that peripheral vision is strongly affected by fatigue, drugs and speed.
Figure 3: Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe)
Motion Change
Color Changes


02.A.04(3) Peripheral vision is also used in controlling the vehicle. When a driver looks in the rear-view mirror, peripheral vision is used to monitor traffic in front of the vehicle. In keeping the vehicle centered in the lane, peripheral vision is used to monitor the lane boundaries and keep the vehicle oriented in traffic.

02.A.04(4) Poor peripheral vision can result in (a) failing to react to a hazard coming from the left or right, (b) failing to see or obey a stop light suspended over an intersection, (c) weaving while negotiating a curve, and (d) driving too close to parked cars.
Vision, peripheral, blind spots

02.A.05(1) No matter how good your peripheral vision is, there will still be areas to the sides and behind your vehicle that cannot be seen. These areas are referred to as blind spots.

02.A.05(2) Other vehicles, especially small ones such as motorcycles, are easily hidden in your blind spots.

02.A.05(3) Using your rear view mirror will not eliminate all blind spots, so when changing lanes you need to check for vehicles in your blind spot by turning your head and looking into the lane
you want to enter.

02.A.05(4) Large vehicles such as trucks have more extensive blind spots than small vehicles.
Vision, depth perception

02.A.06(1) Depth perception is your ability to correctly perceive the distances of objects in relation to your own position.

02.A.06(2) Depth perception is important when passing, approaching a vehicle or obstruction, and in turning.

02.A.06(3) Poor depth perception can result in (a) stopping too short of limit lines or inside intersections, (b) turning too wide or too short, (c) being unable to maintain a constant speed, or (d) being unable to follow other vehicles at a distance appropriate for driving conditions.
Vision, night vision

02.A.07(1) Night vision refers to your ability to see well in low light levels and is necessary for being able to drive safely at night.

02.A.07(2) The visual ability of two drivers may be about the same during daylight hours, but be markedly different at night.

02.A.07(3) Driving safely at night requires seeing well not only under low illumination, but also requires being able to see low contrast objects. A person wearing dark clothing and crossing the street in front of a driver is much harder to detect at night because there is much less contrast at night between the darkly-clothed pedestrian and the dark background.

02.A.07(4) Poor night vision while driving at night can result (a) in not being able to react to hazards in front of your vehicle in a timely manner, (b) tailgating, (c) failing to steer in the proper direction when necessary to avoid low-contrast road features such as the edges of the roadway and other irregularities in the road surface.
Vision, glare resistance and recovery

02.A.08(1) Glare is intense and blinding light. For example, glare caused by the brightness of oncoming headlights can prevent a driver from seeing an approaching vehicle or pedestrian crossing the roadway.

02.A.08(2) Glare resistance is the extent to which a driver can still see objects and events while facing a steady source of glare such as the setting sun or the light from oncoming headlights.

02.A.08(3) Glare recovery is the speed with which a driver's vision returns to normal after being exposed to glare.

02.A.08(4) Glare resistance and recovery are important for being able to drive safely during sunset or at night.

02.A.08(5) Glare resistance and recovery deteriorate with age; older drivers must drive more cautiously at night.

02.A.08(6) Poor glare resistance and recovery can result in a driver being blinded by a glare source and (a) missing curves in the road, (b) striking unobserved pedestrians, and (c) crashing into the rear of a slow-moving, stalled, or stopped vehicle.
Vision, color blindness

02.A.09(1) Color blindness is the inability to accurately and consistently distinguish between certain colors such as those at traffic lights and on signs, and if severe, may affect your ability to drive safely.
Vision, compensation for subnormal

02.A.10(1) A person can compensate for poor visual acuity by wearing glasses or contact lenses prescribed by a ophthalmologist or optometrist.

02.A.10(2) A person can compensate for poor depth perception by using extra caution in judging the speed and distance of oncoming vehicles and approaching objects. Hot Link
Click on the following link to learn more about How to Handle Glare While Driving at Night: Headlight Glare Brochure

02.A.10(3) A person can compensate for poor peripheral vision by frequently turning the head to increase his or her field of
vision.

02.A.10(4) A person can compensate for poor glare resistance and recovery while driving by using the sun visor, wearing sun glasses or other dark lenses during the sunset, and by avoiding looking into the headlights of oncoming cars

02.A.10(5) A person can compensate for color blindness while driving by learning the general shapes and patterns of signs, and relying on the position of signal lights, rather than on their color.
Vision, care and maintenance

02.A.11(1) Whenever you drive, you must wear the glasses or contact lenses that have been prescribed for you or are required by a restriction on your license.

02.A.11(2) You should never wear dark glasses at night and you should consult a physician regarding the safety of wearing tinted contacts at night.

02.A.11(3) You should not wear glasses whose frames or lenses obstruct your peripheral vision.


Figure 5: Sun Glasses and Blind spots - Chunky Arms and Frames Can Restrict Vision

02.A.11(4) Certain aspects of vision deteriorate slowly with age, sometimes so slowly that people do not notice the change. It is important to have your eyes checked every year or two by a optometrist or ophthalmologist to ensure that you are not putting yourself or others at risk while driving.

Hot Link

Click on the following link to learn about vision and medical conditions and why you should wear your glasses or contact lenses if you are prescribed with them. You can also learn about the DMV Vision Exam Requirement and the DMVs grounds for refusal to issue a license, which are common to all states:

Vision and Medical Conditions



Vision, vehicle equipment

Hot Link
Click on the following link to learn how to adjust your mirrors correctly before you drive away, when you are backing, and how to use them when you are on the road.:

Adjusting Your Mirrors
Correctly 02.A.12(1) To provide good visibility, it is important to keep your windows clean, to clear away objects inside the vehicle that may obstruct your vision, and to not have anything hanging from your inside rear-view mirror (e.g., parking permits, air fresheners, etc.).

02.A.12(2) Putting stickers, signs, and other objects on your windows can adversely affect your vision. You may only place these things (a) on the side windows behind the driver, (b) on the windshield in the lower 7-inch square area on the passenger's side or in the lower 5-inch square area on the driver's side, and (c) on the rear window in the lower 7 inch square area on the passenger's side. Exceptions are allowed for persons with sensitivity to light to use sun-blocking devices, if they have a note from a doctor or optometrist. In addition, vehicles with both left and right outside mirrors which allow the driver to see 200 ft to the rear of the vehicle are exempt from the restrictions on the rear window. These mirrors are also required when towing a trailer, camper, or other vehicle which reduces your ability to see behind you.

02.A.12(3) Although tinted windows are allowed, they must meet standards as to the degree to which they are tinted and the location of the tinting.
Hot Link
Click on the link below to learn how to care for your windshield:
Caring for Your Windscreen

02.A.12(4) You should adjust the mirrors on your vehicle before you begin driving. First adjust the seat so that you have good visibility and are comfortable looking ahead, using a seat cushion if necessary, and then adjust your mirrors.

02.A.12(5) It is illegal to drive a motor vehicle equipped with a television or similar device that is visible by the driver while operating the motor vehicle.

02.A.12(6) You are required to keep your windshield wipers in good operating condition and use them whenever necessary to ensure clear vision through the windshield including during conditions of fog, snow, or rain. (Other vehicle equipment required to ensure good vision are discussed in detail in Unit 6).
Hearing (auditory acuity), role in safe driving

02.A.13(1) Hearing is more important for safe driving than many people realize. Your hearing can warn you of danger such as the presence of vehicles in your blind spots, it allows you to respond to someone honking their horn, emergency vehicle sirens, and bells at railroad crossings, and can alert you to impending engine or other mechanical failure.

02.A.13(2) A hearing impairment (partial deafness) is the inability to hear low to medium (softer) decibel sounds, or sounds of certain frequencies.

02.A.13(3) Deafness is the inability to hear even the loudest of sounds.
Hearing, compensating for hearing difficulties

02.A.14(1) A person can compensate for a hearing impairment and improve his or her ability to drive safely by seeing a doctor and having a hearing aid prescribed to amplify sounds.

02.A.14(2) A person with a hearing impairment or total deafness can also compensate by learning to rely more on vision, such as increasing the degree to which they visually scan their environment.

02.A.14(3) Auditory acuity deteriorates with age. It is important to have your hearing checked periodically by a doctor because often changes in hearing occur so slowly that people do not notice them.
Hearing, behavioral issues

02.A.15(1) To hear properly while driving a vehicle you should (a) keep the volume of your vehicle's audio system low, and (b) keep at least one window open so you can better hear outside noises.

02.A.15(2) Except for drivers of certain types of special equipment and law enforcement, a person must not wear a headset or earplugs that cover both ears while driving.
Physical conditions, fatigue

Falling asleep at the wheel is incredibly dangerous 02.A.16(1) When you are tired, you are less alert. The body naturally wants to sleep at night and most drivers are less alert at night, especially after midnight. You may not see hazards early enough, or react as quickly. Therefore, you increase your chances of being in a collision if you are tired or fatigued.

02.A.16(2) If you are tired, the only safe cure is to get off the road and get some sleep. If you don't, you risk your life and the lives of others.

02.A.16(3) To keep from getting tired on a long trip: (a) get a lot of rest before you start, (b) don't take any drugs that may make you drowsy, even

"Hot Links To Videos"
To understand more about the danger of drowsy driving, and view videos click on the following links:
Falling Asleep atthe Wheels
Drowsy Driving
What is Drowsy Driving
the night before you start your trip, (c) don't drive long hours, (d) set a common sense limit of 300 to 400 miles a day, (e) try not to drive late at night, (f) take regular rest stops, even if you are not tired, (g) have another person drive every hour or so, (h) stop for coffee or a soft drink every 100 miles or every 2 hours, (i) continually shift your eyes from one part of the road to another, (j) chew gum or listening to the radio, and (k) roll your window down to get some fresh air.


02.A.16(4) If you are tired all the time and fall asleep often during the day, you should have a physician check to see if you have a sleep disorder such as narcolepsy (chronic, recurrent attacks of drowsiness and sleep).

CHECK OUT CALIFORNIA DMV VIDEO
ON REST STOP
CLICK ON ARROW TO VIEW

Physical conditions, illness

02.A.17(1) Illness can impair your ability to transmit visual and auditory information to the brain, impair the ability of the brain to act on it, impair your ability to rapidly take corrective action, such as changing the direction and speed of your vehicle, and can cause you to fall asleep at the wheel.

02.A.17(2) Certain prescription and over-the-counter medications taken for illness, even common cold medications, can cause you to become drowsy while driving. (See Unit 10 for more detail on this topic).
Physical conditions, deformities

02.A.18(1) Deformities and loss of limbs can prevent you from driving safely. There are prosthetic appliances and special controls for vehicles which allow persons with a disability to drive as safely as any other person.
Physical conditions, steadiness

02.A.19(1) Being unable to keep your muscles steady, which can be caused by Parkinson's Disease, a stroke, or as a part of the normal aging process, can prevent you from safely stopping and maneuvering a vehicle, particularly in emergency situations.
Physical conditions, muscular strength

02.A.20(1) Having inadequate muscular strength, such as is caused by Cystic Fibrosis or the normal aging process, can prevent you from being able to adequately maneuver road curves and turns, affecting your ability to drive safely.
Physical conditions, refusal of license

02.A.21(1) Depending on severity, certain physical and mental conditions may prevent you from obtaining a driver license. These conditions include (a) cerebral palsy, (b) epilepsy, (c) the inability of the heart and vascular system to supply adequate blood to muscles and organs, (d) paralysis, (e) mental incapacity, (f) dementia, (g) lapses of consciousness, (f) a number of different vision conditions, and (g) any other condition reported by a physician when he or she believes you cannot drive safely due to the condition. However, if you can compensate for a physical condition, usually by demonstrating safe driving ability during a driving test, a driver license can be issued.
Carbon monoxide poisoning

02.A.22(1) Carbon monoxide is an odorless gas produced by gasoline powered engines. Therefore, you will not be able to know if you are breathing it. If you breathe too much carbon monoxide, you will become carbon monoxide poisoned.

02.A.22(2) If you have carbon monoxide poisoning, your ability to see, hear, and think will be severely diminished, which can cause you to have an accident. If you become severely poisoned from continued ingestion of carbon monoxide, you will die.

02.A.22(3) Carbon monoxide can be brought into the car by leaks in the exhaust system or through an open window or ventilating system.

02.A.22(4) Do not run your vehicle's engine in an enclosed space, such as a garage, without properly ventilating the area. Have your exhaust system periodically checked for leaks to prevent yourself from becoming carbon monoxide poisoned.
Physical conditions, age

02.A.23(1) Vision, hearing, and reaction time deteriorate as a natural part of the aging process. To compensate for these losses, older drivers often drive more slowly and cautiously, and may avoid driving at certain times, and in certain traffic situations, such as on busy streets, freeways, or at night.

02.A.23(2) It is important to recognize that many older drivers use these compensation mechanisms because they have to. Be understanding of the needs of older drivers; do not cut them off, become angry, or otherwise try to "get back" at them for their driving behavior. Remember that everyone is entitled to share the road; be courteous to others.
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