The easiest place to get this achievement is the tutorial world.

Glass bottle - In the chest next to the brewing stand
Water - Next to the chest mentioned above
Spider eye - Randomly collected when killing a spider at night
Sugar - Collect sugar canes which are tall green plants found near water usually. Next create sugar from the sugar canes on a crafting table.
Brown mushrooms - Found easily in grassy areas, the game specifies them as simply "mushrooms" not "brown mushrooms".
Redstone - Found in a chest just before the castle in an underground passage
Gunpowder - Kill a creeper at night, it must not explode otherwise it won't drop any gunpowder. Kill it with arrows ideally.
Apple - A random drop from trees, "mine" the leaves on green trees to find an apple. Alternatively go to X -176, Y 66, Z 121 to find some apples in a chest.
Gold - There are a few blocks of gold at X -281, Y 74, Z 243. You need some form of explosives to obtain these. Also near this temple in the desert is another temple where 4 chests are found by mining beneath it. The co-ords for this are -310, 66, 105. You have to avoid the blue block in this area between the chests as it explodes.

Also, play on "normal" as zombie villagers are more likely to spawn (50% chance on normal and 100% on hard). Alternatively you can lure some zombies to villagers to "infect" them.

If you need anything feel free to PM me.